【中英文對照】2016年美國的人權紀錄
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-11 16:13:06 | 來(lái)源：中國網(wǎng) | 作者： | 責任編輯：李瀟| 三、中低收入群體生活狀況堪憂(yōu) | III. Grim Living Conditions of Low- and Middle-income Americans |
| 2016年，美國社會(huì )兩極分化更加嚴重，成年人全職工作比例創(chuàng )1983年以來(lái)最低水平，(注46)收入差距持續擴大，中產(chǎn)階級規模出現拐點(diǎn)式萎縮，(注47)底層民眾生活境況日趨惡化。 | In 2016, the U.S. social polarization became more serious, with the proportion of adults who had full-time jobs hitting a new low since 1983 (www.gallup.com, September 20, 2016), income gaps continuing to widen, the size of middle class reaching a turning point and beginning to shrink (bigstory.ap.org, May 12, 2016), and living conditions of the lower class deteriorating. |
| 收入差距持續擴大。英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站2016年5月17日報道，美國500強公司首席執行官的收入是普通工人平均收入的340倍，普通工人2015年的收入扣除物價(jià)因素，與50年前幾乎沒(méi)有差別。(注48)《商業(yè)內幕》網(wǎng)站披露，扣除價(jià)格因素，1978年至2015年，美國最大的350家公司的首席執行官薪酬增長(cháng)了約940%，普通工人卻只增長(cháng)了10%。(注49)《華爾街日報》網(wǎng)站報道，在過(guò)去30年中，將近70%的收入流入到最富有的10%的美國人手里。《紐約時(shí)代周刊》語(yǔ)帶譏諷地稱(chēng)之為近年來(lái)最令人瞠目的“經(jīng)濟成就”。(注50) | Income gaps continued to widen. On May 17, 2016, the website of The Guardian reported that the U.S. top 500 chief executive officers (CEOs) earned 340 times the average worker's wage in 2015. Adjusted for inflation, wages of ordinary workers remained stagnant for 50 years. (www.theguardian.com, May 17, 2016) The businessinsider.com revealed that while CEOs of the 350 largest U.S. companies grew by about 940 percent from 1978 to 2015 after adjusting for inflation, the typical worker's pay grew just 10 percent over that time (www.businessinsider.com, August 15, 2016). The website of the Wall Street Journal reported that over the past 30 years, nearly 70 percent of incomes went to the 10 percent richest Americans, which was called the most astonishing "economic achievement" in recent years by The Time sarcastically (www.newser.com, December 8, 2016). |
| 中產(chǎn)階級規模萎縮。《華爾街日報》報道，1940年出生的美國人中，有92%的人在30歲時(shí)收入超過(guò)他們父母30歲時(shí)的收入；而在1980年出生的人中，這一比例下降到51%。(注51)蓋洛普咨詢(xún)公司研究發(fā)現，美國人將自己定位為中產(chǎn)或上中產(chǎn)階級的比例，在2000－2008年間平均為61%，而2016年下降至51%，意味著(zhù)2500萬(wàn)人的經(jīng)濟生活質(zhì)量急劇下滑。(注52)皮尤研究中心2016年5月11日發(fā)布的報告顯示，在近25%的大都市中，中產(chǎn)階級不再占據多數。(注53)2000－2014年間，美國中產(chǎn)階級比例下降了四個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，在53個(gè)大都市地區則下降了六個(gè)百分點(diǎn)甚至更多。(注54)皮尤研究中心對全國范圍內1500名成年人的調查表明，62%的人認為政府對中產(chǎn)階級缺乏足夠的重視。(注55) | The middle class shrank. The Wall Street Journal reported that 92 percent of people born in 1940 earned more at 30 years old than their parents did when they were the same age. However, for people born in 1980, that percentage dropped to 51. (www.newser.com, December 8, 2016) According to consulting firm Gallup, the percentage of Americans who said they were in the middle or upper-middle class had fallen by 10 percentage points, from an average of 61 percent between 2000 and 2008 to 51 percent in 2016. That drop meant 25 million people in the United States fared much worse in economic terms. (www.gallup.com, September 20, 2016) According to a Pew Research Center report released on May 11, 2016, the American middle class was no longer the majority at nearly 25 percent of large cities (bigstory.ap.org, May 12, 2016). From 2000 to 2014, the share of adults living in middle-class households fell by 4 percentage points nationally, and declined by 6 percentage points or more in 53 metropolitan areas (www.pewsocialtrends.org, May 11, 2016). A Pew survey showed 62 percent of 1,500 surveyed adults said the government had not cared enough about the middle class (www.pewsocialtrends.org, February 4, 2016). |
| 低收入和貧困人口生活狀況惡化。每7個(gè)美國人中就有1人生活在貧困線(xiàn)以下，至少4500萬(wàn)貧困人口生活困難。(注56)皮尤研究中心的調查顯示，49%的民眾確認其家庭收入入不敷出，42%的民眾認為其家庭剛能維持收支平衡。(注57)2015年年底，無(wú)家可歸者約為50萬(wàn)人，(注58)大城市無(wú)家可歸者人數急劇上升。僅威斯康星州就有超過(guò)6萬(wàn)人無(wú)家可歸。(注59)成千上萬(wàn)快餐業(yè)、家庭護理和機場(chǎng)工作人員等低收入人群為爭取每小時(shí)15美元最低工資標準的實(shí)現而不斷舉行罷工。(注60) | Low-income and poverty population lives deteriorated. One in seven Americans, or at least 45 million people, lived in poverty (www.dailymail.co.uk, September 10, 2016). A Pew survey showed 49 percent of Americans said they could not make ends meet; 42 percent said they managed to strike a balance between incomes and expenditures (www.pewsocialtrends.org, February 4, 2016). By the end of 2015, homeless people stood at about 500,000 (www.theatlantic.com, February 11, 2016). The number of homeless people surged in large cities. There were more than 60,000 homeless people in Wisconsin (www.usatoday.com, October 16, 2016). Thousands of low-income people in industries including fast food, home care and airport went on strike repeatedly for the minimum wage standard of 15-U.S.-dollar per hour (www.theguardian.com, November 21, 2016). |
| 預期壽命下降。據美國國家健康統計中心2016年12月8日發(fā)布的數據，2015年美國人預期壽命20多年來(lái)首次出現總體下降，男性從2014年的76.5歲下降到76.3歲，女性則從81.3歲下降到81.2歲，總體平均壽命從78.9歲下降到78.8歲。(注61)與此同時(shí)，自殺率持續升高。據美國疾病控制和預防中心的報告，2013年美國共有41149人自殺，比1999年增加了約41%，自殺成為導致死亡的第十大原因，是兇殺案的兩倍以上。(注62)2015年，自殺率再創(chuàng )新高，達到近30年以來(lái)的最高值。(注63) | Life expectancy dropped. Life expectancy in the United States in 2015 declined for the first time in more than two decades, according to data released by the National Center for Health Statistics on December 8, 2016. Life expectancy for men fell from 76.5 years in 2014 to 76.3 in 2015, while that for women decreased from 81.3 to 81.2. Overall life expectancy dropped from 78.9 to 78.8 years (www.bbc.co.uk, December 8, 2016). At the same time, suicide rate in the United States rose. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that there were 41,149 suicides in the United States in 2013, up by about 41 percent from 1999. Suicide was the tenth leading cause of all deaths in the United States in 2013, claiming twice as many lives than homicide (www.bls.gov, December 2016). In 2015, the suicide rate in the United States surged to its highest level in almost three decades (www.bbc.co.uk, April 22, 2016). |
| 健康狀況下降。蓋洛普咨詢(xún)公司發(fā)布的報告指出，自1990年以來(lái)，25歲至59歲的美國居民在每個(gè)年齡段自我報告健康狀況都在下降。美國勞動(dòng)年齡人口中，因患有殘疾而無(wú)法從事工作的人口比例從1980年的4.4%上升到2015年的6.8%。這種狀況與美國醫療系統費用過(guò)高卻效率過(guò)低相關(guān)。(注64)《芝加哥論壇報》網(wǎng)站2016年12月6日報道，美國復雜和不透明的處方藥支付系統使藥品公司的高管能夠對普通藥品設置高昂的價(jià)格，有些甚至利用病人的免費優(yōu)惠券將藥物價(jià)格提高了10倍。(注65) | Health conditions declined. For U.S. residents, self-reported health status had fallen among each age group between 25 and 59 since 1990, according to a report from Gallup. The share of the working-age population suffering from a disability that prevented them from working rose from 4.4 percent in 1980 to 6.8 percent in 2015, adjusting for age. That situation was related to the exorbitant costs and weak efficiency of the U.S. health system (www.gallup.com, December 15, 2016). The convoluted and opaque system of paying for prescription drugs enabled executives of drug companies to set extraordinary prices on modest medicines that had been around for years, and some companies even used free coupons for patients to raise drug prices by 10 times, the Chicago Tribune reported on December 6 (www.chicagotribune.com, December 6, 2016). |
| 社會(huì )保障體系存在嚴重弊端。《得梅因紀事報》2016年12月25日報道，全美殘疾人申請福利排隊名單已達1136849名，申請人需要等26個(gè)月才僅能得到行政部門(mén)的聽(tīng)證通知。(注66)根據單身母親指南2016年9月17日發(fā)布的統計數據，在被解雇或正在找工作的單身母親中，只有22.4%能夠領(lǐng)到失業(yè)救濟金。(注67)美國有線(xiàn)電視新聞網(wǎng)2016年12月12日報道，美國有16個(gè)州的監獄系統沒(méi)有為釋放囚犯提供醫療補助，9個(gè)州僅提供非常有限的補助項目，而這25個(gè)州每年釋放約375000名囚犯。費城監獄每年釋放9000名患有慢性病的囚犯，其中66.7%被釋放后無(wú)法享受醫療救助。(注68) | Social security system was seriously flawed. The Des Moines Register reported that there were 1,136,849 applicants of federal disability benefits on the waiting list, which meant they could wait up to 26 months to get an administrative-law hearing on their claim for benefits (www.desmoinesregister.com, December 25, 2016). Statistics released by the singlemotherguide.com showed only 22.4 percent of the single mothers who had been laid off or looking for work received unemployment benefits in the United States (singlemotherguide.com, September 17, 2016). CNN reported that 16 state prison systems in the United States had no formal procedure to enroll prisoners in Medicaid as they reentered the community. The story said nine states had only small programs in select facilities or for limited groups of prisoners. It went on to say that these 25 states collectively release some 375,000 inmates each year. The CNN report also said two-thirds of the 9,000 chronically ill prisoners released each year by Philadelphia' s jails were not getting enrolled as they left (edition.cnn.com, December 12, 2016). |
(注46) 蓋洛普咨詢(xún)公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.gallup.com），2016年9月20日。 (注47) 美聯(lián)社網(wǎng)站（http://bigstory.ap.org），2016年5月12日。 (注48) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2016年5月17日。 (注49) 《商業(yè)內幕》網(wǎng)站（http://www.businessinsider.com），2016年8月15日。 (注50) 《新聞人》網(wǎng)站（http://www.newser.com），2016年12月8日。 (注51) 《新聞人》網(wǎng)站（http://www.newser.com），2016年12月8日。 (注52) 蓋洛普咨詢(xún)公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.gallup.com），2016年9月20日。 (注53) 美聯(lián)社網(wǎng)站（http://bigstory.ap.org），2016年5月12日。 (注54) 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2016年5月11日。 (注55) 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2016年2月4日。 (注56) 英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.dailymail.co.uk），2016年9月10日。 (注57) 皮尤研究中心網(wǎng)站（http://www.pewsocialtrends.org），2016年2月4日。 (注58) 美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站（http://www.theatlantic.com），2016年2月11日。 (注59) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年10月16日。 (注60) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2016年11月21日。 (注61) 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.bbc.co.uk），2016年12月8日。 (注62) 美國勞工統計局網(wǎng)站（https://www.bls.gov），2016年12月。 (注63) 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.bbc.co.uk），2016年4月22日。 (注64) 蓋洛普咨詢(xún)公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.gallup.com），2016年12月15日。 (注65) 《芝加哥論壇報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.chicagotribune.com），2016年12月6日。 (注66) 《得梅因紀事報》，2016年12月25日。 (注67) 《單身母親指導》網(wǎng)站（https://singlemotherguide.com），2016年9月17日。 (注68) 美國有線(xiàn)電視新聞網(wǎng)（http://edition.cnn.com），2016年12月12日。 | |
| 四、種族歧視愈演愈烈 | IV. Racial Discrimination Worsened |
| 2016年，美國種族關(guān)系日趨惡化，白人警察槍殺非洲裔事件頻繁發(fā)生，執法司法領(lǐng)域存在明顯的種族歧視，少數種族在就業(yè)和收入方面與白人存在系統性差距，在學(xué)校和社會(huì )生活中遭遇各種隱性和顯性的種族歧視。《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2016年7月14日報道，調查顯示，52%的美國人認為針對非洲裔的種族歧視問(wèn)題“非常嚴重”。《紐約時(shí)報》和哥倫比亞廣播公司的聯(lián)合調查顯示，69%的受訪(fǎng)者認為美國的種族關(guān)系整體很差。60%的受訪(fǎng)者認為美國的種族關(guān)系正在趨于惡化，而一年前認同這一觀(guān)點(diǎn)的比例僅為38%。(注69) | In 2016, racial relations in the United States continued to deteriorate. There were repeated incidents of African Americans being shot by white police. Racial discrimination heavily influenced law enforcement and justice fields. There were systematic gaps between minority races and white people in employment and income. Minority people endured various discriminative treatments in schools and social lives. The USA Today website reported on July 14, 2016 that a poll found 52 percent of Americans believed racism against black people was an "extremely" or "very" serious problem. According to a New York Times-CBS News survey, 69 percent of poll respondents said race relations in the United States were generally bad. Six in ten Americans said race relations were growing worse, up from 38 percent a year ago (www.usatoday.com, July 14, 2016). |
| 警察槍殺非洲裔事件連續發(fā)生。根據“警察暴力地圖”網(wǎng)站的統計，2016年美國警察至少殺死了303名非洲裔美國人。(注70)2016年7月5日，37歲的非洲裔男子斯特林在路易斯安那州巴吞魯日的便利店外與人發(fā)生沖突，警察趕到之后將其制伏在地，騎在他身上近距離連開(kāi)多槍將其射殺。(注71)2016年7月6日，明尼蘇達州警察攔檢一輛尾燈發(fā)生故障的汽車(chē)時(shí)，在非洲裔男子卡斯提爾拿取駕照過(guò)程中將其射殺。卡斯提爾的母親表示，兒子作為非洲裔“出生在了錯誤的國家”，控訴“這是對非洲裔美國人民無(wú)聲的戰爭”。美國政府也承認這兩起致命的槍擊案并非孤立事件，而是預示著(zhù)刑事司法系統面臨更廣泛的挑戰。(注72)連續兩天發(fā)生警察槍殺非洲裔事件，引發(fā)了全國性的強烈抗議。2016年7月7日，在得克薩斯州達拉斯市中心的游行示威活動(dòng)期間，一名非洲裔退伍軍人開(kāi)槍打死5名警察，打傷9名警察，行兇者自稱(chēng)殺死白人警察就是為了抗議警方槍殺非洲裔美國人的暴行。(注73)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站對2015年美國警察槍擊案的調查顯示，非洲裔美國人被警察槍殺的概率是白人的2.5倍。在與警察遭遇的情況下，手無(wú)寸鐵的非洲裔被警察槍殺的概率是白人的5倍。(注74)2016年2月17日，非洲裔男子加斯頓在經(jīng)歷嚴重車(chē)禍神志恍惚的狀態(tài)下被辛辛那提三名警察開(kāi)槍擊斃，警方的解釋是他試圖去取腰帶上掛的槍?zhuān)潞笞C明那是一支假槍。而僅在此前一天，一名白人男子甚至用這種假槍對準辛辛那提的警察，警方卻沒(méi)有開(kāi)槍?zhuān)涟l(fā)無(wú)損地將其逮捕后僅以威脅警方的罪名進(jìn)行起訴。《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站評論稱(chēng)，這兩個(gè)相似事件的不同結果突出表明了警察對待非洲裔和白人態(tài)度完全不同，在美國的確存在著(zhù)種族上的雙重標準。(注75)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2016年12月6日報道，28歲的白人韋爾奇攜帶半自動(dòng)步槍進(jìn)入華盛頓西北部一家餐廳，之后放下武器從餐廳走出，背向警察雙手舉起，警察沒(méi)有開(kāi)槍。(注76)與此形成鮮明對照的是，2016年9月16日，在俄克拉何馬州塔爾薩市，手無(wú)寸鐵的非洲裔男子克拉徹在高舉雙手背向警察的情況下被白人警察開(kāi)槍擊斃，他在被殺之前還遭遇了警方泰瑟槍的電擊。(注77) | Incidents of police killing African-Americans happened repeatedly. According to the Mapping Police Violence website, American police killed at least 303 African-Americans in 2016 (mappingpoliceviolence.org, December 2016). On July 5, 2016, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old African-American man, entered into clashes with others outside a convenience store in Baton Rouge, Indiana. After police arrived, they held him to the ground, straddled over his body and killed him with multiple gunshots (edition.cnn.com, July 8, 2016). On July 6, 2016, police in Minnesota stopped a car with mal-functioning rear light and shot an African-American man Philando Castile when he was getting his license and registration. Castile's mother said her son was "black in the wrong place" and said there was "a silent war against African-American people." The U.S. government admitted that the two fatal shootings were not isolated incidents, but symptomatic of the broader challenges within the U.S. criminal justice system (www.bbc.com, July 7, 2016). Two consecutive police killings of African Americans triggered violent protests nationwide. On July 7, 2016, during the protests in Dallas, Texas, five police officers were shot and killed and nine more were injured by an African-American veteran, who said he wanted to kill white police officers to protest against police brutality (www.usatoday.com, July 14, 2016). A Washington Post website report on police shootings in 2015 found that black Americans were 2.5 times as likely to be shot and killed by police as white Americans. Unarmed black men were five times as likely to be shot and killed by police as unarmed white men (www.washingtonpost.com, December 6, 2016). On February 17, 2016, Paul Gaston, a 37-year-old Cincinnati man, had just been in a serious car accident before he was shot and killed by three police officers. Police claimed Gaston appeared to reach for a gun in his waistband, but it turned out to be a fake one. A day before, a white man pointed a similar fake gun at the police in Cincinnati, but the police did not fire a shot, only peacefully arrested the man and charged him with menacing. The New York Daily News website commented that the two incidents and their differing outcomes highlighted the different police attitudes towards black and white men and the racial double standards in America were real (www.nydailynews.com, February 19, 2016). The Washington Post website reported on December 6, 2016, that Edgar Maddison Welch, 28 years old, entered a restaurant in northwest Washington while carrying a semiautomatic rifle. Welch walked backward out of the restaurant unarmed and with his hands up, and the police did not shoot him (www.washingtonpost.com, December 6, 2016). In sharp contrast, on September 16, 2016, Terence Crutcher was shot and killed by police in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Crutcher had his hands up and back turned. Police officer also deployed Taser gun on him (www.cbsnews.com, September 19, 2016). |
| 執法司法領(lǐng)域種族歧視司空見(jiàn)慣。《紐約時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站2016年8月10日報道，巴爾的摩市長(cháng)期以來(lái)實(shí)施“零容忍”街頭執法，鼓勵警察僅依據輕微的、高度自由裁量的過(guò)錯而廣泛采取截停、搜查和逮捕行動(dòng)，這些做法違反了憲法，并侵犯了公民的法定權利。來(lái)自全國各地警察部門(mén)的數據顯示，在實(shí)施“零容忍”策略地區，警察逮捕的對象主要為貧困社區中的非洲裔美國人，而對富裕白人社區同樣的行為視而不見(jiàn)。(注78)美國公共宗教研究所的調查表明，64%的非洲裔認為社區內存在警察虐待問(wèn)題，81%的非洲裔則認為警察槍殺非洲裔是廣泛存在的一種普遍現象。(注79)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2016年8月31日報道，五年前印第安納州南本德市警察誤將18歲的非洲裔高中生富蘭克林認作嫌疑人，在沒(méi)有獲得搜查令的情況下闖入其家中，對其毆打電擊并錯誤逮捕。2016年8月初，陪審團認定警方嚴重侵犯了富蘭克林的憲法權利，但法官僅判決每名被告賠償他及家人1美元，合計18美元。南本德市主任牧師西姆斯說(shuō)：“這個(gè)微不足道的賠償傳遞給富蘭克林及其家人一個(gè)強烈的信號：你的權利只值1美元。”(注80) | Racial discrimination in law enforcement and judicial fields was common. The New York Times website reported on August 10, 2016, that Baltimore relied on 'zero tolerance' street enforcement, which encouraged officers to make large numbers of stops, searches and arrests for minor, highly discretionary offenses. These practices led to repeated violations of the constitutional and statutory rights. Data from police departments around the country showed that officers using the zero-tolerance strategy focused their arrests on African-American men in poor neighborhoods, while ignoring the same offenses in wealthier white neighborhoods (www.nytimes.com, August 10, 2016). A poll by the U.S. Public Religion Research Institute showed that 64 percent of the African Americans said police mistreatment was a major problem in their community. More than 81 percent black Americans said police killings of African American men were part of a broader pattern of how police treat African Americans (www.prri.org, August 7, 2016). The Washington Post website reported on August 31, 2016 that five years ago, police in South Bend, Indiana, mistook 18-year-old high school senior DeShawn Franklin as a suspect and went inside his home without a search warrant. They punched him several times and used a stun gun on him. In August 2016, the jury found the officers violated Franklin's constitutional rights, ordered each of the defendants to pay Franklin and his parents one dollar for the violation of their rights. The total award was 18 dollars in damages. Mario Sims, a senior pastor in South Bend, said the small amount of compensation sent a strong message to Franklin and his family: "your rights are worth a dollar" (www.washingtonpost.com, August 31, 2016). |
| 少數族裔在就業(yè)和收入方面與白人的差距持續擴大。美國勞工統計局數據顯示，2016年12月非洲裔的失業(yè)率接近白人的兩倍，拉美裔的失業(yè)率比白人高出35%以上。(注81)《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站2016年9月21日報道，非洲裔和白人的收入差距已經(jīng)達到近40年來(lái)最嚴重的地步。2015年非洲裔和白人的時(shí)薪差距擴大到驚人的26.7%。白人平均時(shí)薪為25.22美元，而非洲裔的平均時(shí)薪則僅為18.49美元。(注82)非洲裔男性的平均時(shí)薪1979年比白人男性低22%，2015年擴大到31%；非洲裔女性時(shí)薪差距則從6%擴大到了19%。(注83)全國婦女法律中心的報告顯示，白人男性每收入1美元，拉美裔女性只能收入54美分；工作40年后與相對應的白人男性相比，非洲裔和拉美裔女性將分別少收入87.7萬(wàn)美元和100萬(wàn)美元。(注84) | Gap between minority and white people was widened in employment and income. According to the American Bureau of Labor Statistics, unemployment rate for African-Americans in December 2016 was close to two times the figure for white Americans. Unemployment rate for Latin Americans was 35 percent higher than white Americans (www.bls.gov, January 6, 2017). The New York Daily News website reported on September 21, 2016 that the wage gap between blacks and whites was the worst in nearly four decades. In 2015, the hourly pay gap between blacks and whites widened to 26.7 percent, with whites making an average of 25.22 U.S. dollars an hour compared to 18.49 dollars for blacks (www.nydailynews.com, September 21, 2016). Almost 40 years ago in 1979, the hourly wage gap between black and white men was 22 percent, but the figure rose to 31 percent in 2015. The hourly wage gap between black and white women grew from six percent to 19 percent (www.theguardian.com, September 20, 2016). The American National Women's Law Center reported that Latina women earned as little as 54 cents for ever dollar white men made. Black and Latino women would lose more than 877,000 U.S. dollars and one million dollars respectively over a 40-year career compared to their white male counterparts (www.theguardian.com, August 16, 2016). |
| 公立學(xué)校的紀律處分存在明顯種族差異。美國教育部2013年至2014年民權數據顯示，遭受離校停課處分的280萬(wàn)學(xué)生中，有110萬(wàn)是非洲裔學(xué)生。非洲裔學(xué)生遭受離校停課處分的可能性是白人學(xué)生的3.8倍。(注85)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2016年10月5日報道，特拉華州印度河學(xué)區設立了進(jìn)行隔離性特殊教育的“卡弗學(xué)院”，作為違紀學(xué)生的隔離管教場(chǎng)所。在印度河學(xué)區就讀的白人學(xué)生攜帶手機上學(xué)，手機通常會(huì )被臨時(shí)沒(méi)收一天；而非洲裔學(xué)生的背包中如被發(fā)現帶有手機，就會(huì )被直接送到“卡弗學(xué)院”。非洲裔學(xué)生不成比例地被以各種借口送到“卡弗學(xué)院”，以隨意的理由對他們進(jìn)行隨意時(shí)長(cháng)的隔離，完全忽視學(xué)生的教育需求。一些家長(cháng)聯(lián)合向聯(lián)邦法院提起訴訟，稱(chēng)該學(xué)院成了懲罰非洲裔學(xué)生的“垃圾傾倒場(chǎng)”。(注86) | Disciplinary punishments are clearly differentiated among racial groups in public schools. Civil rights data from the U.S. Department of Education from 2013 to 2014 show that among the 2.8 million students suspended from school, 1.1 million are African-Americans. The likeliness of suspension for African-American students is 3.8 times that for white students (www.ibtimes.com, August 25, 2016). The USA Today website reported on October 5, 2016, that the Indian River School District of Delaware had set up George Washington Carver Academy in Frankford as a segregated special-education school for discipline-violating students. At the Indian River School District, white students who bring cell phones to school usually see their phones confiscated for one day, but an African-American student seen with a phone in the backpack is directly referred to Carver. African-American students were sent to Carver in disproportionate numbers on various pretexts and they were segregated at Carver on arbitrary ground and for arbitrary periods of time while their educational needs were neglected. A coalition of parents filed a lawsuit to the federal court, contending that the school had become a "dumping ground" for African-American students (www.usatoday.com, October 5, 2016). |
| 穆斯林遭遇日益嚴重的歧視。《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2016年12月9日報道，82%的受訪(fǎng)者認為美國的穆斯林面臨歧視，其中57%的人認為穆斯林面臨嚴重歧視，這一比例比三年前的調查高出7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。皮尤研究中心的調查還顯示，穆斯林多年來(lái)都是美國最受歧視的群體。(注87) | Muslims suffer increasingly serious discrimination. The Washington Post website reported on December 9, 2016, that 82 percent of Americans believe Muslims in the United States face discrimination and a majority of 57 percent say Muslims face "a lot" of discrimination, which is seven percentage points higher than in the last poll three years ago. Surveys by Pew Research Center show that Muslims have, for years, ranked as the group that faces the most discrimination in the United States (www.washingtonpost.com, December 9, 2016). |
| 種族歧視遭到聯(lián)合國嚴厲譴責。聯(lián)合國人權理事會(huì )非洲裔問(wèn)題專(zhuān)家工作組2016年1月9日至29日在美國進(jìn)行調查后，對諸如警察槍殺非洲裔美國人、校警粗暴對待非洲裔學(xué)生、針對非洲裔群體的暴力被免予刑罰、帶有種族偏見(jiàn)的刑事司法系統、非洲裔被不成比例地大規模監禁以及因貧困被刑事定罪等問(wèn)題表示了嚴重關(guān)切。現任聯(lián)合國非洲裔問(wèn)題工作組負責人弗朗斯女士強調：“和其他人口相比，非洲裔美國人幾乎在所有人類(lèi)發(fā)展指標如預期壽命、收入和財富、教育水平、住房、勞動(dòng)就業(yè)，甚至食品安全等方面都存在著(zhù)固化的差距。這些差距所體現的結構性歧視在事實(shí)上構成了非洲裔充分實(shí)現自己人權的巨大障礙。”(注88)專(zhuān)家工作組的調查報告指出，美國政府未能履行保護非洲裔權利的責任，制度性和結構性種族主義的持續存在，對非洲裔公民權利、政治權利、經(jīng)濟社會(huì )文化權利造成了負面的影響。報告重點(diǎn)批評了警察暴力以及刑事司法系統中的種族歧視行為。大量案例證明執法人員存在暴力執法與過(guò)度使用致命武力的問(wèn)題，而這些行為大多被免予刑事處罰。“警察槍殺非洲裔及其帶來(lái)的心理創(chuàng )傷使人聯(lián)想起過(guò)去私刑處死的種族恐怖主義行為。對國家暴力行為免予刑罰已經(jīng)造成了當前的人權危機，必須作為緊急事項予以處理。”報告稱(chēng)，警察對手無(wú)寸鐵的非洲裔的殺戮，只是司法體系中普遍存在的種族偏見(jiàn)的冰山一角。非洲裔男性的被監禁率比白人男性高5.9倍，非洲裔女性的被監禁率比白人女性高2.1倍，非洲裔僅占美國總人口的14%，卻占聯(lián)邦和各州囚犯總數的36%。非洲裔自小就被視作危險的犯罪群體，面臨著(zhù)有罪推定。非洲裔要比白人更可能面臨嚴厲的刑事懲罰，尤其是在死刑上。報告指出，非洲裔還在教育、醫療、住房、就業(yè)等方面處于嚴重不平等狀況。26%（超過(guò)1000萬(wàn)）的非洲裔處于貧困之中，12%的非洲裔生活在極度貧困之中。2015年美國50多萬(wàn)無(wú)家可歸者中，非洲裔占了40.4%。(注89) | Racial discrimination is strongly condemned by the United Nations. After conducting investigations across the United States from January 9 to 29 of 2016, the UN Human Rights Council's Expert Group on People of African Descent expressed serious concerns about the police killings, the presence of police in schools, violence targeting the African American community with impunity, racial bias in the criminal justice system, and mass incarceration and the criminalization of poverty which disproportionately affects African Americans. Ms. Mireille France, who currently heads the UN Expert Group, stressed, "The persistent gap in almost all the human development indicators, such as life expectancy, income and wealth, level of education, housing, employment and labor, and even food security, among African Americans and the rest of the U.S. population, reflects the level of structural discrimination that creates de facto barriers for people of African descent to fully exercise their human rights (www.un.org, January 29, 2016). The Expert Group's investigative report pointed out, the U.S. government failed to fulfill its obligations of protecting the rights of Americans of African descent and that systematic and structural racism continues to negatively impact the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of African Americans today. The report particularly criticized police killings and racial bias in the criminal justice system. A large amount of cases prove that violence and overuse of lethal forces exist in law enforcement processes and these behaviors are mostly exempted from criminal punishment. "Police killings and the trauma it creates are reminiscent of the 'racial terror and lynching' of the past. Impunity for state violence has resulted in the current human rights crisis and must be addressed as a matter of urgency." According to the report, police killings of unarmed Americans of African Descent are only one tip of the iceberg of the widespread racial discrimination in the justice system. The incarceration rate for African American males is 5.9 times higher than the rate for white males, while the rate for African American females is 2.1 times higher than the rate for white females. African Americans only constitute 14 percent of the U.S. population, but they account for 36 percent of federal and state prisoners. African Americans are regarded as dangerous criminal groups since childhood and face presumption of guilt. African Americans are more likely to face serious criminal punishments than white Americans, particularly on capital punishment. The report pointed out that African Americans are also in seriously unequal situations on education, medical care, housing, and employment. Twenty-six percent (more than 10 million) of African Americans remain mired in poverty and 12 percent live in what is known as "deep poverty." In 2015, of the more than half a million homeless people in the United States, African Americans constituted 40.4 percent (www.un.org, August 18, 2016). |
(注69) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年7月14日。 (注70) “警察暴力地圖”網(wǎng)站（http://mappingpoliceviolence.org），2016年12月。 (注71) 美國有線(xiàn)電視新聞網(wǎng)（http://edition.cnn.com），2016年7月8日。 (注72) 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（http://www.bbc.com），2017年7月7日。 (注73) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年7月14日。 (注74) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年12月6日。 (注75) 《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站（http://www.nydailynews.com），2016年2月19日。 (注76) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年12月6日。 (注77) 哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)（http://www.cbsnews.com），2016年9月19日。 (注78) 《紐約時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.nytimes.com），2016年8月10日。 (注79) 美國公共宗教研究所網(wǎng)站（http://www.prri.org），2016年8月7日。 (注80) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年8月31日。 (注81) 美國勞工統計局網(wǎng)站（http://www.bls.gov），2017年1月6日。 (注82) 《紐約每日新聞》網(wǎng)站（http://www.nydailynews.com），2016年9月21日。 (注83) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2016年9月20日。 (注84) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.theguardian.com），2016年8月16日。 (注85) 《國際商業(yè)時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站（http://www.ibtimes.com），2016年8月25日。 (注86) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（http://www.usatoday.com），2016年10月5日。 (注87) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（https://www.washingtonpost.com），2016年12月9日。 (注88) 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（http://www.un.org），2016年1月29日。 (注89) 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（http://www.un.org），2016年8月18日。 | |
| 跳轉至目錄 >> | Back to Contents >> |