| 五、婦女和兒童權利堪憂(yōu) | V. Missing Rights for Women and Children |
| 2015年，美國婦女和兒童權利受到嚴重侵犯。婦女遭受職場(chǎng)歧視、家庭暴力和性侵犯的情況嚴重，兒童面臨槍支、虐待、貧困和警察暴力的威脅。 | Rights of women and children were grossly violated in the United States in 2015. Women were facing serious workplace discrimination, domestic violence and sexual violation and children were under the threats of arms, abuse, poverty and police violence. |
| 女性社會(huì )地位下降。2015年12月11日，聯(lián)合國“在法律和實(shí)踐中歧視婦女問(wèn)題工作組”實(shí)地考察后指出，美國仍然沒(méi)有落實(shí)普遍帶薪產(chǎn)假、生育保健和政治選舉中的平等機會(huì )等權利和保護措施。美國婦女在公共和政治領(lǐng)域的任職率、經(jīng)濟與社會(huì )權利保障、健康和安全保護等方面低于國際標準。女性在各州立法機構中所占席位平均值為24.9%，在全球僅排第72位。兩性之間的收入差距為21%；過(guò)去十年，貧困婦女比例從12.1%上升至14.5%，該數字高于男性。貧困婦女、移徙婦女在獲取性健康和生殖健康服務(wù)方面面臨更大的障礙。缺乏槍支管制給婦女安全造成很大威脅，在一些家庭暴力案件中尤其嚴重，被拘留婦女和美洲原住民婦女遭受暴力的比例很高。(注70) | Women were facing worsening situation of inferior social status. On December 11, 2015, the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice delivered a statement after a mission to the United States and pointed out the missing rights and protections such as universal paid maternity leave, accessible reproductive health care and equal opportunity in standing for political election for the country's women. In the United States, women fell behind international standards as regards their public and political representation, their economic and social rights and their health and safety protections. Women's average representation in state legislatures was 24.9 percent. This rate placed the country at only the 72nd in global ranking. The gender wage gap was 21 percent. The percentage of women in poverty increased over the past decade, from 12.1 percent to 14.5 percent, with a higher rate of poverty than men. Poor and immigrant women faced severe barriers in accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Women faced fatal consequences of lack of gun control, in particular in cases of domestic violence. The statement also expressed concerns over violence against women in detention as well as the alarming high rates of violence against Native-American women (www.ohchr.org, December 11, 2015). |
| 女性面臨職場(chǎng)歧視。美國人口普查局2015年9月發(fā)布的數據顯示，2014年全職女性比全職男性的平均年薪少10762美元，二者的平均年薪收入比為79∶100。(注71)國際勞工組織根據2014年185個(gè)國家和地區的可用數據指出，美國是唯一沒(méi)有立法明確規定帶薪產(chǎn)假的工業(yè)化國家。(注72)《洛杉磯時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站2015年5月6日報道，在美國高科技企業(yè)2013年的晉升過(guò)程中，白人男性比白人女性擁有42%的優(yōu)勢，相對亞裔女性的優(yōu)勢則高達260%。(注73) | Women were suffering workplace discrimination. A report released by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2015 revealed that women in the U.S. were paid 79 cents for every dollar paid to men in 2014, amounting to a yearly wage gap of 10,762 U.S. dollars between full-time working men and women (www.census.gov). The United Nations' International Labour Organization said in 2014 that out of the 185 countries and territories with available data, the United States was the only industrialized nation with no overall law for cash benefits provided to women during maternity leave (abcnews.go.com, May 6, 2015). A report at the website of the Los Angeles Times on May 6, 2015 said that white men had a 42 percent advantage over white women when it came to being promoted to the executive level in U.S. tech companies, but that paled in comparison to the 260 percent advantage they had to Asian women (www.latimes.com, May 6, 2015). |
| 女性遭受不同形式的性騷擾和性侵犯。美國高等院校聯(lián)合會(huì )2015年9月發(fā)布的調查結果顯示，23%的大學(xué)本科女生遭受過(guò)性騷擾或性侵犯，20%的大學(xué)生認為性侵犯和不當性行為成為大學(xué)校園中極為嚴重的問(wèn)題。(注74)據《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年8月17日報道，37%的美國女性曾遭受網(wǎng)絡(luò )性騷擾，而拉美裔和非洲裔婦女遭受性騷擾的比例分別高達54%、51%。許多網(wǎng)絡(luò )性騷擾發(fā)展為現實(shí)生活中的跟蹤和性騷擾。(注75)據《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年12月11日報道，俄克拉荷馬州前警官丹尼爾·霍爾茨克勞被控在自己巡邏的低收入社區中性侵女性。在他被判已經(jīng)證實(shí)的18項罪名中，涉及的8名受害者均為非洲裔女性。(注76) | Women fell victim to various forms of sex harassments and sex assaults. A survey released by the Association of American Universities in September 2015 indicated that 23 percent of undergraduate women said they were victims of non-consensual sexual contact and that 20 percent of students said sexual assault and misconduct was very or extremely problematic on their own campus (www.latimes.com, September 21, 2015; www.washingtonpost.com, September 1/September 21, 2015). According to a report at the USA Today website on August 17, 2015, a total of 37 percent of women said they had experienced some kind of online harassment. A total of 54 percent of Hispanics and 51 percent of African Americans said they had experienced online harassment. Also, women were more likely to be targets of serious cases in which they were stalked and sexually harassed (www.usatoday.com, August 17, 2015). Another article at the USA Today website on December 11, 2015 reported that Daniel Holtzclaw, a former Oklahoma City police officer, was convicted of sexually assaulting women he preyed upon in a low-income neighborhood he patrolled. He was convicted of 18 counts connected to eight women, all of whom were black (www.usatoday.com, December 11, 2015). |
| 槍支威脅兒童安全。據美國“槍支暴力檔案”網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的《2015年槍支暴力傷亡統計》，截至12月28日，美國2015年發(fā)生的槍擊案件導致682名11歲以下的兒童傷亡，2640名12歲至17歲的青少年傷亡。(注77)據俄羅斯電視臺網(wǎng)站2015年10月10日報道，當年美國已發(fā)生52起校園槍擊案，每個(gè)月至少發(fā)生2起。(注78)據《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年1月22日報道，美國幾乎每周都有兩名兒童遭受意外槍擊死亡，近三分之二的意外死亡發(fā)生在受害者的家里或者車(chē)中。(注79)根據美國兒科學(xué)會(huì )的調查，美國15歲以上因傷致死的青少年中，有四分之一死于槍擊事件。(注80) | Children were under the threats of guns. According to statistics from the Gun Violence Archive website, as of December 28, 2015, gun-related incidents that year left 682 children under the age of 11 and 2,640 children aged between 12 and 17 killed or injured (www.gunviolencearchive.org, December 28, 2015). The RT America reported at its website on October 10, 2015 that the number of U.S. school shootings that year climbed to 52. There were at least two school shootings a month in 2015 (www.rt.com, October 10, 2015). A report at the website of the USA Today on January 21, 2015 said that almost two children were killed every week in unintentional shootings, and nearly two thirds of these unintended deaths took place in a home or vehicle that belonged to the victim's family (www.usatoday.com, January 22, 2015). More than a quarter of the teenagers -- 15 years old and up -- who died of injuries in the United States were killed in gun-related incidents, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (www.theatlantic.com, January 12, 2015). |
| 兒童健康和生活狀況不佳。美國疾病和預防中心的統計顯示，新生兒患有梅毒的比率在2012至2014年間增長(cháng)了38%，是2001年以來(lái)的最高水平。(注81)美國正在接受治療的吸毒者中，有五分之一是18歲之前通過(guò)父母初次接觸毒品的。(注82)美國人口普查局的調查顯示，2015年約有1740萬(wàn)兒童由單親媽媽撫養，其中45%生活在貧困線(xiàn)以下。(注83)在紐約，近6%的非洲裔兒童和近3%的拉美裔兒童因無(wú)家可歸需要求助于庇護所。(注84)《今日美國》網(wǎng)站2015年8月15日報道，47%的農村拉美裔嬰兒和41%的城市拉美裔嬰兒出生于貧困家庭。農村地區的嬰兒很難享受到諸如聯(lián)邦和州為婦女兒童提供的特殊營(yíng)養項目，陷于貧困的可能性更大，“這些孩子一出生就輸在了人生的起跑線(xiàn)上”。(注85) | Poor health and living conditions for children. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that the rate of newborns with syphilis jumped 38 percent between 2012 and 2014 to its highest level in more than a decade (www.washingtonpost.com, November 12, 2015). A survey said that one in five drug abusers in some treatment programs in the United States received their first taste of these illegal substances from their parents, usually before the age of 18 (abcnews.go.com, August 24, 2015). According to U.S. Census Bureau, about 17.4 million children under the age of 18 were being raised without a father and 45 percent lived below the poverty line (singlemotherguide.com, June 1, 2015). About 6 percent of New York City's African-American population under 18 years old and nearly 3 percent Latino children utilized New York City shelters because of homelessness (www.coalitionforthehomeless.org, March 19, 2015). The USA Today website reported on August 15, 2015 that 47 percent of rural Hispanic babies were born poor, compared to 41 percent of Hispanic babies in urban areas. Hispanics babies born in rural enclaves were more likely to be impoverished and it was harder for them to receive help from federal and state programs, such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. "These babies are starting behind the starting line." (www.usatoday.com, August 15, 2015) |
| 兒童遭遇虐待。《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年1月1日報道，發(fā)生在華盛頓及周邊地區的多數兒童死亡案件的作案人是家長(cháng)或其他監護人。(注86)《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站2015年3月10日報道，在佛羅里達州，三分之一的女孩和五分之一的男孩在18歲前可能遭受性侵害。這些受虐經(jīng)歷會(huì )對受害者未來(lái)的生活造成嚴重的負面影響，平均每位受虐者會(huì )因為受害經(jīng)歷在其一生中失去250000美元的收入，一半的受害者在校學(xué)習成績(jì)低于平均成績(jì)。(注87) | Children were suffering abuse. A report at the website of The Washington Post on January 1, 2015 said that among the young children killed in the D.C. region, the majority was killed by a parent or guardian (www.washingtonpost.com, January 1, 2015). The Miami Herald website on March 10, 2015 reported that one in three girls and one in five boys would become a victim of child sexual abuse in Florida before they turned 18. Such experience would have serious negative impact on their future lives. On average, each victim of child sexual abuse would lose 250,000 U.S. dollars in earnings throughout his or her lifetime because of the abuse. Fifty percent of victims had below-average grades (www.miamiherald.com, March 10, 2015). |
| 非洲裔兒童成為警察暴力的受害者。美國有線(xiàn)電視新聞網(wǎng)財經(jīng)頻道網(wǎng)站2015年6月10日報道，得克薩斯州麥金利警察局的白人警察暴力對待一名14歲非洲裔女孩的視頻在網(wǎng)上廣泛傳播。該警察在處置一起來(lái)自泳池聚會(huì )的報警時(shí)，大聲辱罵幾個(gè)非洲裔青少年，并將身穿泳衣的非洲裔女孩猛烈摔到地面，后來(lái)甚至拔出配槍對準他們。現場(chǎng)拍攝視頻的白人目擊者認為該警察的行為毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是出于種族主義動(dòng)機。這一事件引發(fā)民眾的抗議游行。(注88) 2015年10月26日，南卡羅來(lái)納州春谷高中的駐校白人警察本·菲爾茨對一名非洲裔女生施暴的視頻在網(wǎng)上引發(fā)民眾憤慨。該校警猛掐這名在課堂上玩手機的女孩的頸部，將其連人帶椅狠狠摔倒在地，最后拖出教室。菲爾茨2013年曾因不公平且粗暴對待非洲裔學(xué)生被告上法庭。美國全國有色人種協(xié)進(jìn)會(huì )稱(chēng)，從未有白人學(xué)生遭受如此暴力對待。美國公民自由聯(lián)盟南卡羅來(lái)納州分支機構主管維多利亞·米德?tīng)栴D認為，無(wú)論出于何種目的，在課堂上對年輕孩子過(guò)度使用暴力的行為都無(wú)法容忍，“學(xué)校不應該成為孩子們被粗暴對待的地方”。(注89) | African-American children fell victim to police violence. The CNN website on June 10, 2015 reported that a video went viral online showing violence by a white police officer of the Police Department in McKinney, Texas, against a 14-year-old African-American girl. The officer, called to a community swimming pool party after complaints, cursed at several black teenagers and yanked the girl wearing only a bikini to the ground. He also pointed his gun at the teenagers. The white witness who shot the video said there was no doubt race was a factor in how police responded. This incident triggered some public protests (edition.cnn.com, June 10, 2015). On October 26, 2015, a video that showed Ben Fields, a white school resource officer at Spring Valley High School in South Carolina, manhandling an African-American school girl drew intense criticism. The officer grabbed the girl, who used her cell phone during class, by the neck, flipped her over and dragged her across the floor. Fields in 2013 was named as a defendant in a federal lawsuit that claimed he "unfairly and recklessly targets African-American students." The U.S. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People criticized that such violence "doesn't affect white students". Victoria Middleton, the executive director for the South Carolina branch of the American Civil Liberties Union, said that regardless of the reason for the officer's actions, such egregious use of force - against young people who were sitting in their classrooms - was outrageous. "School should be a place to learn and grow, not a place to be brutalized." (abcnews.go.com, October 28, 2015) |
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(注70) 聯(lián)合國人權高專(zhuān)辦網(wǎng)站（www.ohchr.org），2015年12月11日。 (注71) 美國人口普查局報告，見(jiàn)www.census.gov。 (注72) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年5月6日。 (注73) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站（www.latimes.com），2015年5月6日。 (注74) 《洛杉磯時(shí)報》網(wǎng)站（www.latimes.com），2015年9月21日；《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年9月1日、21日。 (注75) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年8月17日。 (注76) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年12月11日。 (注77) 美國“槍支暴力檔案”網(wǎng)站（www.gunviolencearchive.org），2015年12月28日。 (注78) 俄羅斯電視臺網(wǎng)站（www.rt.com），2015年10月10日。 (注79) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年1月22日。 (注80) 美國《大西洋》月刊網(wǎng)站（www.theatlantic.com），2015年1月12日。 (注81) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年11月12日。 (注82) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年8月24日。 (注83) singlemotherguide網(wǎng)站（singlemotherguide.com），2015年6月1日。 (注84) 無(wú)家可歸者聯(lián)盟網(wǎng)站（www.coalitionforthehomeless.org），2015年3月19日。 (注85) 《今日美國》網(wǎng)站（www.usatoday.com），2015年8月15日。 (注86) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年1月1日。 (注87) 《邁阿密先驅報》網(wǎng)站（www.miamiherald.com），2015年3月10日。 (注88) 美國有線(xiàn)電視新聞網(wǎng)財經(jīng)頻道網(wǎng)站（edition.cnn.com），2015年6月10日。 (注89) 美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年10月28日。 |
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