| 六、粗暴侵犯他國人權 | VI. Gross Violations of Human Rights in Other Countries |
| 2015年，美國依然變本加厲侵犯他國人權，造成大量平民傷亡，海外監聽(tīng)項目侵犯公民隱私權，關(guān)塔那摩監獄的虐囚丑聞仍在繼續。美國迄今未批準聯(lián)合國多項核心人權公約，并對聯(lián)合國重要人權決議投反對票。 | In 2015, the United States continued to trample on human rights in other countries, causing tremendous civilian casualties. Its overseas monitoring projects infringed on the privacy of citizens of other countries while torture scandals at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp continued. Up to date, the United States has not ratified some core human rights conventions of the United Nations and voted against some important human rights resolutions. |
| 空襲行動(dòng)造成大量平民傷亡。據空中戰爭跟蹤組織統計，2014年8月8日以來(lái)，美國不斷組織聯(lián)軍對伊拉克和敘利亞境內武裝進(jìn)行空襲。截至2015年12月6日，美國空襲伊拉克3965次，空襲敘利亞2823次，據估算共造成兩國境內1695至2239名平民死亡。(注90)敘利亞政府認為美國主導的空襲行動(dòng)是赤裸裸的“侵略行為”。(注91)2015年10月3日，阿富汗昆都士的“無(wú)國界醫生”組織醫院受到美軍持續近半小時(shí)的空襲，許多無(wú)法行動(dòng)的病人在病床上被當場(chǎng)炸死，一些逃出醫院的醫護人員遭到空中掃射，共造成42人遇難，許多尸體難以辨認。(注92) | Air strikes caused a large number of civilian casualties. According to Airwars, a project aimed at tracking air strikes in the Middle East, the United States had repeatedly organized coalition forces to launch air strikes against military forces in Iraq and Syria since August 8, 2014. As of December 6, 2015, the United States launched 3,965 air strikes in Iraq and 2,823 in Syria, causing an estimated number of civilian deaths between 1,695 and 2,239 (www.airwars.org). The Syrian government called U.S.-led coalition air strikes an "act of aggression" (www.independent.co.uk, December 7, 2015). On October 3, 2015, a hospital run by aid group "Doctors Without Borders" in the city of Kunduz in Afghanistan was under a bombing that continued for half an hour. Many patients who were unable to move were killed on site, while some staff of the aid group were shot at from the air while fleeing the hospital. A total of 42 people were killed in the air strike, with some bodies charred beyond recognition (www.sputniknews.com, December 12, 2015; www.abcnews.go.com, October 5, 2015). |
| 頻繁使用無(wú)人機濫殺無(wú)辜。英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年10月15日報道，美國軍隊在執行無(wú)人機暗殺計劃時(shí)僅僅使用追蹤電話(huà)數據這一有限的方式來(lái)確定襲擊目標。2012年1月至2013年2月美軍在阿富汗東北部發(fā)動(dòng)的一場(chǎng)代號為“干草機”的行動(dòng)中，219人被炸死，其中僅有35人是預先要攻擊的目標。在另一次長(cháng)達5個(gè)月的行動(dòng)中，90%被殺死的人都不是預先要攻擊的目標，但是所有死者都被貼上了“陣亡敵人”的標簽。(注93)《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站2015年4月24日報道，根據一份研究報告，2001年“9·11”事件以來(lái)，美國在巴基斯坦和也門(mén)進(jìn)行的415次無(wú)人機襲擊中，估算造成423至962名平民死亡。(注94)美國濫用無(wú)人機襲擊的做法，不僅受到國際社會(huì )的廣泛批評，也被美國學(xué)術(shù)界強烈質(zhì)疑。2015年3月20日，《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站專(zhuān)門(mén)介紹了安德魯·科伯恩所著(zhù)的《殺人鏈條：高科技暗殺的興起》和格里高利·查馬尤所著(zhù)的《無(wú)人機原理》兩本書(shū)。安德魯·科伯恩認為，“美國在全球部署具有毀滅性軍事力量的過(guò)程中，無(wú)人機轟炸政策是其中一種充滿(mǎn)著(zhù)謊言、欺騙和貪婪的歷史模式的頂點(diǎn)，是此前美國暗殺政策的延續。無(wú)人機轟炸政策不但沒(méi)有實(shí)現加強美國國家安全的目標，而且還削弱了民主的進(jìn)程，并在被空襲國制造了混亂，成為滋生極端主義的溫床。”查馬尤和科伯恩強調，無(wú)人機轟炸是一種“非人道的戰爭方式”，“用無(wú)人機作戰，沒(méi)有勝利者，只有屠殺”。(注95) | A frequent use of drones claimed many innocent lives. According to an October 15, 2015 report run by Daily Mail website, when carrying out drone assassinations, the U.S. military used "phone data alone" -- a limited way of guaranteeing a kill. During Operation Haymaker, a campaign in northeastern Afghanistan which ran between January 2012 and February 2013, some 219 people were killed by drones but just 35 were the intended targets. During another five-month stretch of the operation, a staggering 90 percent of those killed were not the intended target. Despite this all the deaths were labeled EKIA, or "enemy killed in action." (www.dailymail.co.uk, October 15, 2015). A report posted on April 24, 2015 by The Washington Post on its website said a study, which documented 415 strikes in Pakistan and Yemen since the September 11, 2001 attacks, put the total number of killed civilians between 423 and 962 (www.washingtonpost.com, April 24, 2015). The abuse of drone strikes not only drew widespread criticism from international community, but also incurred strong doubt from U.S. scholars. The Washington Post posted an article on March 20, 2015, introducing to its readers two books on drones - Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins, by Andrew Cockburn, and A Theory of the Drones, by Gregoire Chamayou. Cockburn sees America's killer drone policy as "the culmination of a historical pattern of lies, deception and greed in the deployment of lethal military force around the world" and as "a continuation of previous U.S. assassination policy." Failing miserably to achieve the country's stated goal of enhanced security, the policy simultaneously undermined the democratic process, Cockburn writes, noting that "assassination by robot is bound to inspire rather than curtail extremism." According to Chamayou and Cockburn, killer drone exposes the trend toward a new -- and "inhumane form of warfare." "With drone warfare, there is no victory, just perpetual elimination." (www.washingtonpost.com, March 20, 2015). |
| 濫用酷刑踐踏人權。美國參議院情報委員會(huì )公布的中情局虐囚報告指出，中情局使用的水刑、長(cháng)期單獨囚禁、將囚犯頭部猛力撞墻和抽打乃至死亡威脅等審訊手段大大超出了法律所允許的范圍。(注96)而根據有關(guān)嫌疑人的說(shuō)法，美國的虐囚行為遠遠超出了報告所披露的內容。英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站2015年6月2日報道，曾被關(guān)押在關(guān)塔那摩監獄的囚犯馬吉德·可汗說(shuō)，審訊官將冰水倒在他的生殖器上，兩次對其裸體進(jìn)行錄像，并不停地觸摸他的“私處”；他的雙腳和小腿都被放置于形如高筒靴的金屬銬中，這種金屬銬戳入他的肉中，使他的雙腿難以動(dòng)彈；獄警將他赤身裸體懸掛在木梁上長(cháng)達三天，期間只提供少量飲用水而沒(méi)有任何食物——他所遭受的這些酷刑都沒(méi)有被寫(xiě)入參議院報告。(注97) 2016年1月11日，包括聯(lián)合國酷刑問(wèn)題特別報告員門(mén)德斯、在反恐中促進(jìn)和保護人權問(wèn)題特別報告員埃默森、法官和律師獨立性問(wèn)題特別報告員平托、任意拘留問(wèn)題工作組主席洪晟弼以及歐安組織民主機構與人權辦公室主任林克在內的人權專(zhuān)家共同發(fā)表公開(kāi)信，敦促美國政府盡早關(guān)閉關(guān)塔那摩監獄。關(guān)塔那摩監獄已經(jīng)建立14年之久，截至2016年1月11日，仍有近100人在被任意拘留多年且未經(jīng)審判的情況下被繼續羈押。(注98) | Abuse of cruel torture trampled on human rights. A report by the U.S. Senate on the study of the Central Intelligence Agency's detention and interrogation program found that the CIA's use of brutal interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, long-term solitary confinement, slamming prisoners' heads into walls, lashing and death threat, were in serious violation of U.S. law (www.intelligence.senate.gov). While according to some witnesses, the CIA torture went far beyond the Senate report had disclosed. Majid Khan, a Guantanamo Bay detainee-turned government cooperating witness, said interrogators poured ice water on his genitals, twice videotaped him naked and repeatedly touched his "private parts". At one point, Khan said, his feet and lower legs were placed in tall boot-like metal cuffs that dug into his flesh and immobilized his legs. The guards also stripped him naked, hung him from a wooden beam for three days and provided him with water but no food. All the above torture details that Khan had undergone were not included in the Senate report (www.theguardian.com, June 2, 2015). On January 11, 2016, human rights experts, including the UN special rapporteurs on torture Juan E. Mendez; on human rights and counterterrorism, Ben Emmerson; on independence of the judiciary, Monica Pinto; Chair-Rapporteur of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Seong-Phil Hong; and the director of the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights under the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Michael Georg Link, together called on the U.S. Government to promptly close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility, 14 years after the detention center became operational. The experts recalled in the letter that close to 100 detainees still languished in Guantanamo after years of arbitrary detention without trial (www.un.org, January 11, 2016). |
| 對他國政要實(shí)施監聽(tīng)。英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站2015年4月30日披露，美國國家安全局長(cháng)期監聽(tīng)歐洲國家領(lǐng)導人。(注99)英國《獨立報》2015年6月24日報道，美國先后對3位法國總統和其他政府高官進(jìn)行了長(cháng)期的電話(huà)監聽(tīng)，對此法國政府發(fā)言人表示“無(wú)法接受”。(注100)盡管受到來(lái)自盟國的批評，美國政府依然以國家安全為由決定對部分國家領(lǐng)導人實(shí)施監聽(tīng)。(注101) | The United States spied on leaders from other countries. The BBC reported on April 30, 2015 that the U.S. National Security Agency, by working with other secret services, has long monitored on European leaders (www.bbc.com, April 30, 2015). The Independent reported on June 24, 2015 that the United States had bugged the phones of three French presidents and many other senior French officials, for which a French government spokesman said was "unacceptable" (www.independent.co.uk, June 24, 2015). Facing criticism from its allies, the U.S. government continued to monitor some leaders in the name of "national security purpose" (www.theguardian.com, December 30, 2015). |
| 美國口口聲聲標榜“人權”，以“人權衛士”自居，但時(shí)至今日，美國仍不批準《經(jīng)濟、社會(huì )和文化權利國際公約》《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》《兒童權利公約》《殘疾人權利公約》等聯(lián)合國核心人權公約。美國是當今世界唯一沒(méi)有批準《兒童權利公約》的國家。對于國際人權事務(wù)，美國也經(jīng)常采取不合作態(tài)度。對于聯(lián)合國人權理事會(huì )特別機制以及聯(lián)合國人權事務(wù)高級專(zhuān)員等對美國人權狀況提出的批評，美國政府經(jīng)常予以拖延或置若罔聞。2015年9月28日聯(lián)合國人權理事會(huì )通過(guò)有關(guān)發(fā)展權的決議時(shí)，美國一如既往地投了反對票。(注102) | Though the United States repeatedly vowed to defend "human rights," it still has not ratified core human rights conventions of the UN, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The United States is the only country that is yet to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United States also takes an uncooperative attitude towards international human rights issues. It often kept stalling or turned a deaf ear to criticisms leveled by the UN Human Rights Council special sessions and High Commissioners for Human Rights. On September 28, 2015 when the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution related to development right, the United States, as always, voted against it (www.un.org). |
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(注90) 空中戰爭跟蹤組織網(wǎng)站（airwars.org）。 (注91) 英國《獨立報》網(wǎng)站（www.independent.co.uk），2015年12月7日。 (注92) Sputnik news網(wǎng)站（sputniknews.com），2015年12月12日；美國廣播公司新聞網(wǎng)站（abcnews.go.com），2015年10月5日。 (注93) 英國《每日郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.dailymail.co.uk），2015年10月15日。 (注94) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年4月24日。 (注95) 《華盛頓郵報》網(wǎng)站（www.washingtonpost.com），2015年3月20日。 (注96) 美國參議院情報委員會(huì )報告，見(jiàn)www.intelligence.senate.gov。 (注97) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年6月2日。 (注98) 聯(lián)合國新聞網(wǎng)（www.un.org），2016年1月11日。 (注99) 英國廣播公司網(wǎng)站（www.bbc.com），2015年4月30日。 (注100) 英國《獨立報》網(wǎng)站（www.independent.co.uk），2015年6月24日。 (注101) 英國《衛報》網(wǎng)站（www.theguardian.com），2015年12月30日。 (注102) 聯(lián)合國網(wǎng)站（www.un.org），聯(lián)合國文件A/HRC/30/L.12。 |
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